Pcr diagnostics of dermatophytes and other pathogenic fungi

ABSTRACT

Dermatophytes which belong to one of the three genera  Epidermophyton, Trichophyton  and  Microsporum  are the main cause of fungal infections of skin, hair and nails. Traditional diagnostic procedures consist of microscopy and culture, but due to the slow growth rate of dermatophytes typically two to four weeks are needed before a final diagnosis is obtained. The present invention is a rapid DNA extraction method extracting nucleic acids from fungi (e.g. dermatophytes and other pathogenic fungi) which can be performed from directly on hair, nail or skin specimens from humans, from naturally or experimentally infected animals or from cultured fungal colonies for the use in PCR amplification and detection assays. The present invention also includes specific primer sets for detection of any dermatophyte and for species specific detection of  Trichophyton rubrum  and  Epidermophyton floccosum  by PCR and a kit for diagnosing fungal infections.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/917,437, filed Dec. 13, 2007, which is a national stage of International Patent Application No. PCT/DK06/000332, filed Jun. 13, 2006, which applications are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties.

FIELD OF INVENTION

A method for extracting nucleic acids from fungi, a PCR method for detecting fungi in patient samples and a PCR kit for detecting dermatophytes and diagnosing infections by the three genera Trichophyton, Microsporum and Epidermophyton.

GENERAL BACKGROUND

Human pathogenic dermatophytes, which belong to the three genera Trichophyton, Microsporum and Epidermophyton, are fungi that infect human skin, nails, and hair. While the genus Epidermophyton is represented only by a single species (E. floccosum), the genera Microsporum and Trichophyton include several different species (1). Depending on the site of the infection the dermatophytosis can be divided in: Tinea barbae, an infection of the bearded area mainly caused by T. verrucosum and T. mentagrophytes; Tinea capitis, usually caused by organisms from genera Microsporum and Trichophyton; Tinea corporis by any of the human pathogenic dermatophytes; Tinea favosa by T. schoenleninii; Tinea pedis frequently caused by T. mentagrophytes, E. floccosum and T. rubrum; Tinea mannum caused by T. rubrum and Tinea unguinum (also termed onychomycosis) mainly caused by T. rubrum and T. mentagrophytes (1). Prevalence rates of onychymycosis in European countries vary between 3 and 22% (2). Thus, in a study by Summerbell et al. including 2662 nails, the following infective agents were isolated: T. rubrum (>70%), T. mentagrophytes (20%), Candida albicans (5.5%), and Scopulariopsis brevicaulis or non-dermatophyte moulds (1.6%) (3). Tinea unguium is the form of dermatophytosis that is most refractory to treatment and also relapses of infection in clinically cured nails are common (4). Evans et al. (5) compared the efficacy of terbinafine and itraconazole treatment of onychomycosis and showed that mycological cure was achieved in 76% of patients receiving terbinafine but only in 38% receiving itraconazole. In a later study also by Evans et al. the percentage of patients with mycological failure after standard treatment was 20% (6).

Topical therapy is sufficient in most of cases of dermatophyte skin infection, but long term and often expensive systemic treatment is necessary in cases of tinea capitis, tinea barbae and onychomycosis. Various side effects are associated with the systemic antifungals, e.g. gastro-intestinal side effects occur in 3-5% of the patients treated orally with terbinafine and—although less frequent—bone marrow suppression and hepatic side effects occur, why the liver function should be evaluated at baseline and periodically during treatment (7). The diagnosis of onychomycosis should be confirmed before therapy is initiated partly because of the complications associated with the treatment but also because other medical conditions and trauma may cause nail changes that may resemble onychomycosis (8).

Furthermore, genus and in some cases even the species-specific diagnosis is necessary due to different susceptibility patterns and contagious potential of the various dermatophytes, thus e.g. Microsporum species are less susceptible than Trichophyton spp. to terbinafine and should be treated with griseofulvin, T. rubrum strains are more susceptible to some antifungal drugs than T. mentagrophytes and some dermatophytes may cause epidemic outbreaks in schools and institutions due to transfer from man to man while others may not as their primary host is an animal (10).

The current diagnosis of dermatophytes is based on microscopic identification of spores and hyphae in clinical specimens followed by in vitro culture and morphological identification of the fungus (1). Direct microscopic examination of skin and nail material is often sufficient for the preemptive diagnosis of a fungal infection, but it does not give specific species diagnosis. Furthermore, although rapid and cheap, this technique has a relatively low sensitivity and shows false negative results in up to 15% cases (2). Application of culture enables specific species identification in 10-15 days in approximately 95% of cases. However, for some slow growing or atypical isolates time to diagnosis is up to 3-4 weeks. Such cases are especially cost- and time-consuming and require specialist skills (2).

It is thus obvious that a simple, rapid and specific method for the diagnosis of dermatophyte infections is necessary. Introduction of a PCR based methodology would increase specificity, simplicity, speed and on the same time be inexpensive.

For studies on species identification and typing, PCR (3,4) PCR fingerprinting (5), random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) (6), PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) (7), arbitrarily primed PCR (AP-PCR) (8) have been applied. The main targets have been the following genes or DNA fragments: rDNA region, DNA topoisomerases II genes (11,14). chitin synthase gene (18).

A simple and fast extraction method of the DNA directly from patient samples is necessary for routine application of a molecular based detection methodology of dermatophyte infections. In previously published studies on the use of PCR for identification and/or typing of dermatophyte cultures, typically two steps are involved—disruption of fungi cells and subsequent DNA purification. The disruption of the fungal cells has been performed by mechanical disruption of the cell (grinding, freezing-thawing repeated steps, bead-beating) (16) and/or by chemical lysis (9) of the cell wall: enzymatic (proteinase K, zymolase) (12) or detergent lysis (10,15). The purification of the DNA from disrupted cells has been performed by application of phenol-chlorophorm (12,15) extraction method, by precipitation of DNA (10), or by using DNA's affinity to some specific resins (11) (commercial kits for purification of the DNA).

Such methodologies are inconvenient for routine diagnostic purposes for several reasons. First, the necessary initial cultivation of the patient samples is time consuming (up to 10 days) (13). Next, the phenol/chlorophorm DNA extraction method applied in the methods of the DNA extraction directly from skin and hair samples (14) is toxic and thus not applicable for routine diagnostic use in laboratories receiving a large number of samples per day. Finally, the previously published methods all involve a number of handlings (e.g. grinding or bead beating, and washing of the DNA pellets or columns) that increase the risk of the contamination of the samples and false PCR results. In agreement with this, PCR based diagnostic methods are not applied at a routine basis at any diagnostic laboratory to our knowledge, neither in Denmark nor worldwide.

The present invention solves this problem by disclosing a PCR based diagnosis of dermatophyte infections after a simple DNA extraction method which can be applied directly on clinical specimens.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

We have developed a) a DNA extraction method from yeasts (e.g. Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Pichia pastoris, Sacharomyces cerevisiae) and molds, especially keratinophylic fungi and b) a PCR based method that allows the detection of dermatophyte infections directly on patient samples (such as nails, hair, and skin). In a three steps procedure the method enables the extraction of DNA from e.g. nail samples and enables the diagnosis of infections caused by any of the dermatophytes (pan-dermatophyte). It enables also the detection of genera-specific detection of species belonging to Microsporum and Trichophyton genera. Species specific detection can be performed by application of the procedure that enables to examine Trichophyton rubrum, Microsprorum canis, Trichophyton mentagrophytes-Trichophyton tonsurans complex and Epidermophyton floccosum infection. The methods of the invention are provided as diagnostic methods for detecting dermatophytosis-associated DNA of fungi in human.

DETAILED DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION Definitions

Dermatophytes: a group of keratinophilic fungi formed by species belonging to three genera: Trichophyton, Epidermophyton and Microsporum

pan-dermatophytes PCR: PCR reaction where one primer set targeting a common sequence shared by the group of dermatophytes, amplifies a common gene sequence and thus makes it possible to detect all species belonging to Trichophyton, Epidermophyton and Microsporum genera.

multiplex PCR: a reaction that amplifies multiple DNA fragments (in one PCR reaction). The use of several primer sets for detection of several species at the same time. In this case the pan-derrmatophyte primer set for the detection of all dermatophytes and one or more species specific primer sets for the identification in the same step of one or more of the species. In the case of nail infection for instance the vast majority of the infections are caused by T. rubrum so a set up with a pan-dermatophyte primer set and a T. rubrum specific primerset will answer two questions at one time—is there a dermatophyte infection at all and if so is it then the most common one or not.

The present invention discloses a method of extracting nucleic acid from fungi comprising the steps of heating the sample in a lysis buffer and subsequent mixing the solution with a neutralizing buffer, where the lysis buffer consists of a reducer, a salt and a buffering compound in an aqueous solution and the neutralizing buffer is a 0.5-3% w/v, preferably a 2% w/v protein solution. The target fungi belong to the group of yeasts (e.g. Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Pichia pastoris, Sacharomyces cerevisiae) and molds, especially keratinophylic fungi, dermatophytes, which are species belonging to the genera Trichophyton, Epidermophyton or Microsporum. The reducer in the lysis buffer is chosen from sodium carbonate, sodium sulfite, beta-mercaptoethanol, dithiotreitol, sodium sulfide, sodium chlorate, sodium iodate and sodium bicarbonate, the salt is chosen from potassium chloride and ammonium persulfate and where the buffering compound is chosen from sodium salt of 3-(Cyclohexylamino)-2-hydroxy-1-propanesulfonic acid, TRIS, HEPES, phosphate buffer. A preferred lysis buffer consists of potassium chloride (KCl), sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) and tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (TRIS). The sample in lysis buffer is heated to between 80 and 100° C., preferably 95° C. for app. 10 minutes. The protein in the neutralizing buffer can be chosen from bovine serum albumin (BSA), ovalbumin or other suitable protein.

The present invention also discloses a method for the detection of fungi in patient samples comprising extracting nucleic acid from the sample according to above mentioned extraction method, amplifying the nucleic acid with PCR using fungus specific primers and detecting fungus specific gene-sequences. Detection of the fungal PCR-amplicons can be performed by any method known in the art e.g. electrophoresis, probe hybridisation etc.

A preferred detection is the detection of dermatophytes in general or specific keratinophylic fungal species belonging to the genera Trichophyton, Epidermophyton or Microsporum. General detection of dermatophytes using PCR is described and specific detection of T. rubrum, Microsporum canis, Trichophyton mentagrophytes-Trichophyton tonsurans complex or E. floccosum is also described. A method of detecting infections with fungi using multiplex PCR is described and the preferred embodiment of the invention. Specific primers for above mentioned detection and diagnosis are disclosed.

The invention also discloses new primers for PCR amplification of dermatophytes sequences comprising the nucleotide sequences SEQ ID NO. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9.

The invention also discloses a kit for performing the diagnosis of dermatophytes infection using PCR, where the kit comprises above mentioned lysis buffer, neutralising buffer, primers for performing the PCR and optionally the other ingredients for performing a PCR amplification and detection (e.g. polymerase, buffers, probes etc).

The present invention is directed to a high-throughput assay useful for rapid screening a large number of samples to detect a DNA sequence of dermatophytes. The method of the present invention is especially useful for extracting fungi DNA from colonized or infected hair, nail or skin from humans or animals for use in a high throughput screening assay including, but not limited to, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR), ligase chain reaction (LCR), or other conventional DNA detection assay for the detection of DNA.

The invention provides the sequence tags for application in the detection of DNA of specific genetic sequences at low copy numbers.

The methods of the invention comprise means of extracting DNA from nail, hair or skin in a first step, selective amplification and detection of dermatophyte DNA-sequences in a second step and/or selective amplifying and detecting of species-specific dermatophyte DNA-sequences e.g. the Microsporum canis, Trichophyton mentagrophytes-Trichophyton tonsurans complex, Trichophyton rubrum or Epidermophyton floccosum DNA.

Extraction of fungal DNA from human samples (skin, hair or nail) is performed in the two step procedure:

-   -   1. Heating of the sample in an aqueous lysis buffer and     -   2. Mixing the solution with an aqueous neutralizing buffer

The aqueous lysis buffer consists of:

-   -   a reducer (e.g. sodium carbonate, sodium sulfite,         beta-mercaptoethanol, dithiotreitolDTT, sodium sulfide, sodium         chlorate, sodium chlorite, sodium iodate, sodium bicarbonate),     -   salt (potassium chloride, ammonium persulfate),     -   a buffering compound (sodium salt of         3-(Cyclohexylamino)-2-hydroxy-1-propanesulfonic acid—CAPSO,         tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane—TRIS,         4-(2-Hydroxyethyl)piperazine-1-ethanesulfonic acid—HEPES,         phosphate buffer)

The constitution of lysis buffer consists of a combination of compounds listed above (reducer, salt and buffering compound) can be:

-   -   beta-mercaptoethanol, potassium chloride and         tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane—TRIS,     -   beta-mercaptoethanol, potassium chloride and         4-(2-Hydroxyethyl)piperazine-1-ethanesulfonic acid—HEPES,     -   beta-mercaptoethanol, potassium chloride and phosphate buffer,     -   sodium sulfide, potassium chloride and         4-(2-Hydroxyethyl)piperazine-1-ethanesulfonic acid—HEPES,     -   sodium chlorite, potassium chloride and sodium salt of         3-(Cyclohexylamino)-2-hydroxy-1-propanesulfonic acid—CAPSO,     -   sodium iodate, potassium chloride and         Cyclohexylamino)-2-hydroxy-1-propanesulfonic acid—CAPSO,     -   beta-mercaptoethanol, ammonium persulfate and phosphate buffer.     -   etc.

The preferred constitution of the lysis buffer is:

-   -   sodium bicarbonate,     -   potassium chloride,     -   tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane, pH 9.0,

The neutralizing buffer is an aqueous protein solution e.g. bovine serum albumin (BSA), ovoalbumin or another suitable protein.

The extraction of DNA from fungi can also be performed with the buffers in Red Extract-N-Amp Plant Kit (SIGMA) and Extract-N-Amp Plant Kit (SIGMA); the buffers in these two kits are the same the only difference being the addition of a red dye in the first mentioned kit (useful on application on gels).

The protein concentration should be in the range 0.5-3% w/v

The preferred constitution of the neutralizing buffer is 2% w/v bovine serum albumin.

Different concentrations of individual components of both solutions were tested, the concentration of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) should be in the range of 8.0-80.0 mM, the content of bovine serum albumin (BSA) should be in the range 0.5-3% in aqueous solution. The preferred formulation of the lysis buffer consist of 250 mM potassium chloride (KCl), 60 mM sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃), 50 mM tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris).

The admissible pH of the lysis solution is in the range between 7.0 and 12, the preferred pH is 9.5. The solution is prepared by adding NaHCO₃, KCl, Tris to DNases, RNases free water and sterilization grade filtrated by 0.22 μm pore size filter. The resulting solution is stored frozen at minus 22° C.

The preferred concentration of bovine serum albumin (BSA) in neutralizing buffer is 2%. The solution is prepared by adding adequate amount of bovine serum albumin (BSA) to water and filter sterilizing through a 0.22 μm filter. The resulting solution is stored frozen at minus 22° C.

The preferred temperature of heating of the sample in lysis buffer is 95° C., however 80° C. is sufficient. The preferred time of heating of the sample in lysis buffer is 10 minutes. It should not exceed 10 minutes, due to increasing possibility of the DNA degradation.

DNA extracted from hair, skin or nail by mean of the method described above (or which can be by any of the methods described previously [9, 10, 12, 15, 16]) is amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (or can be amplified by any of previously described method [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]).

Primers used in the amplification are based on the dermatophyte specific, Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes-Trichophyton tonsurans complex, Microsporum canis or Epidermophyton floccosum specific DNA sequences (Example 1) and are listed below.

The invention provides the following primers, oligonucleotides, enable to determine the dermatophyte species

panDerm1 [SEQ ID NO. 1] (5′GAAGAAGATTGTCGTTTGCATCGTCTC 3′) panDerm2 [SEQ ID NO. 2] (5′CTCGAGGTCAAAAGCACGCCAGAG 3′) uni [SEQ ID NO. 3] (5′ TCTTTGAACGCACATTGCGCC 3′) Trubrum-rev [SEQ ID NO. 4] (5′CGGTCCTGAGGGCGCTGAA3′) Ef-rev [SEQ ID NO. 5] (5′CCGACGGAAACTAGGGCCAGAG 3′) Mc-for [SEQ ID NO. 6] (5′ ACGTCTCCATCCAGGCTGTGCTCTCC 3′) Mc-rev [SEQ ID NO. 7] (5′GCGAGGTGTTAGAAGGAAAAACGGTCC 3′) TmTt-for [SEQ ID NO. 8] (5′ GCAAGACATGGGGTAAAGAAGCC 3′) TmTt-rev [SEQ ID NO. 9] (5′ GCCTATCTGGGTGGTATATTCGTG 3′) Micr773-for [SEQ ID NO. 10] (5′GGCTCCTGGGCGAATGGGACA 3′) Micr885-rev [SEQ ID NO. 11] (5′ TTCAGCGGGTATCCCTACCTGATCCG 3′) Trichopyros-for [SEQ ID NO. 12] (5′ GGTGAACTGCGGAAGGATC 3′) Trichopyros-rev [SEQ ID NO. 13] (5′ ACGCTCAGACTGACAGCTCTT 3′) and their derivatives.

The sequences of panDerm1 and panDerm2 derive from the chitin synthase 1 (chs1) gene, which is common for all of the dermatophytes.

The sequences of uni, derives from ITS2 (internal transcribed spacer) of dermatophytes.

The sequences of Trubrum-rev and Ef-rev derive from ITS2 (internal transcribed spacer) of Trichophyton rubrum or Epidermophyton floccosum respectively.

The sequences of Mc-for and Mc-rev derived from actin gene of Microsporum canis.

The sequences of TmTt-for and TmTt-rev derived from chitin synthase gene of Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Trichophyton tonsurans.

The sequences of Micr773-for, Micr885-rev, Trichopyros-for and Trichopyros-rev derive from rDNA (ribosomal DNA) of Microsporum genus or Trichophyton genus respectively

Derivatives of panDerm1, panDerm2, uni, Trubrum-rev, Ef-rev, TmTt-for, TmTt-rev, Mc-for, Mc-rev include fragments of panDerm1, panDerm2, uni, Trubrum-rev, Ef-rev, TmTt-for, TmTt-rev Mc-for, Mc-rev, Micr773-for, Micr885-rev, Trichopyros-for and Trichopyros-rev of at least 10 nucleotides in length and oligonucleotides which comprise such fragments.

Oligonucleotides panDerm1 and panDerm2 are used as a pair of primers for the detection of the dermatophyte DNA in a sample. Oligonucleotides uni and Trubrum-rev are used as a pair of primers for the detection of the Trichophyton rubrum DNA in a sample. Oligonucleotides uni and Ef-rev are used as a pair of primers for the detection of the Epidermophyton floccosum DNA in a sample. Oligonucleotides Mc-for and Mc-rev are used as a pair of primers for the detection of the Microsporum canis DNA in a sample. Oligonucleotides TmTt-for and TmTt-rev are used as a pair of primers for the detection of the Trichophyton mentagrophytes-Trichophyton tonsurans complex DNA in a sample. Oligonucleotides Micr773-for and Micr885-rev are used as a pair of primers for the detection of the Microsporum DNA in a sample. Oligonucleotides Trichopyros-for and Trichopyros-rev are used as a pair of primers for the detection of the Trichophyton DNA in a sample.

Oligonucleotides panDerm1 together with panDerm2 and uni together with Trubrum-rev are used as two pair of primers for the simultaneous detection of Trichophyton rubrum DNA and/or any dermatophyte DNA in a sample.

Oligonucleotides panDerm1 together with panDerm2 and uni together with Ef-rev are used as two pair of primers for the detection of the Epidermophyton floccosum DNA and/or any dermatophyte DNA in a sample.

Oligonucleotides panDerm1 together with panDerm2 and TmTt-for together with TmTt-rev are used as two pair of primers for the detection of the Trichophyton mentagrophytes-Trichophyton tonsurans complex DNA and/or any dermatophyte DNA in a sample.

Oligonucleotides panDerm1 together with panDerm2 and Mc-for together with Mc-rev are used as two pair of primers for the simultaneous detection of Microsporum canis DNA and/or any dermatophyte DNA in a sample.

Oligonucleotides Micr773-for together with Micr885-rev and Trichopyros-for together with Trichopyros-rev are used as a two pair of primers for the simultaneous detection of Microsporum genus and/or Trichophyton genus DNA.

Oligonucleotides Trichopyros-for together with Trichopyros-rev and uni together with Trubrum-rev are used as two pair of primers for the simultaneous detection of Trichophyton genus DNA and/or Trichophyton rubrum DNA.

Oligonucleotides Trichopyros-for together with Trichopyros-rev and TmTt-for together with TmTt-rev are used as two pair of primers for the detection of Trichophyton genus DNA and/or the Trichophyton mentagrophytes-Trichophyton tonsurans complex DNA in a sample.

Oligonucleotides Trichopyros-for together with Trichopyros-rev, uni together with Trubrum-rev and TmTt-for together with TmTt-rev are used as three pair of primers for the detection of Trichophyton genus DNA and/or Trichophyton rubrum DNA and/or the Trichophyton mentagrophytes-Trichophyton tonsurans complex DNA in a sample.

Oligonucleotides panDerm1, panDerm2, uni, Trubrum-rev and Ef-rev are used in combination as primers for the detection of Trichophyton rubrum DNA and/or Epidermophyton floccosum DNA and/or any dermatophyte DNA in a sample.

Oligonucleotides Micr773-for together with Micr885-rev and uni together with Ef-rev are used as a primers for the simultaneous detection of Microsporum genus and/or Epidermophyton floccosum DNA.

Oligonucleotides panDerm1, panDerm2, uni, Trubrum-rev, Ef-rev, Mc-for and Mc-rev are used in combination as primers for the detection of Trichophyton rubrum DNA and/or Epidermophyton floccosum DNA and/or Microsporum canis DNA and/or any dermatophyte DNA in a sample.

Oligonucleotides uni, Trubrum-rev, Ef-rev, Mc-for, Mc-rev, TmTt-for and TmTt-rev are used in combination as four pair of primers (uni together with Trubrum-rev and uni together with Ef-rev, Mc-for together with Mc-rev, and TmTt-for together with TmTt-rev) for the detection of the Epidermophyton floccosum DNA and/or Microsporum canis DNA, and/or Trichophyton mentagrophytes-Trichophyton tonsurans complex and/or Trichophyton rubrum DNA.

Any known techniques for nucleic acid (e.g., DNA and RNA) amplification can be used with the assays described herein. Preferred amplification technique is the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methodologies which comprise solution PCR to detect the presence or absence of unique sequences of any dermatophyte, Trichophyton genus, Microsporum genus, Trichophyton rubrum, Microsporum canis, Trichophyton mentagrophytes-Trichophyton tonsurans complex and/or Epidermophyton floccosum.

The PCR reaction using the oligonucleotides is performed as follows: denaturation at 93-98° C. for 3-10 minutes, preferably 95° C. for 5 minutes,

then 30-45 cycles, preferably 45 cycles of amplification, one cycle represents: denaturation at 93-98° C. for 0.5-3 minutes, preferably 94° C. for 40 sec, primer annealing at 55-65° C. for 0.5-3 minutes, preferably 60° C. for 1 min, elongation at 72° C. for 0.5-3 minutes, preferably for 1 min.

After 45th cycle the samples are incubated 3-15 minutes, preferably 10 minutes at 72° C.

There are numerous methods to detect amplified DNA e.g. capilar electrophoresis, DNA-DNA hybridization, any of which may be used.

If the specific band:

-   -   366 bp (for dermatophyte) of chitin synthase gene fragment is         detected, a dermatophyte infection can be assumed.

If the specific band:

-   -   115 bp (for genus Microsporum) of rDNA (ribosomal DNA) fragment     -   258 bp (for genus Trichophyton) of rDNA (ribosomal DNA) fragment

Is detected, a Microsporum genus or Trichophyton genus infection can be assumed.

If the specific band

-   -   202 bp (for Trichophyton rubrum) of ITS2 (internal transcribed         spacer) fragment of rDNA or     -   259 bp (for Epidermophyton floccosum) of ITS2 fragment or     -   520 bp (for Microsporum canis) of actin gene or     -   129 bp (for Trichophyton mentagrophytes-Trichophyton tonsurans         complex) of chitin syntase gene         is detected, a specific Trichophyton rubrum, Epidermophyton         floccosum, Microsporum canis or Trichophyton         mentagrophytes-Trichophyton tonsurans complex infection can be         assumed.

The advantage of the procedure described above is that the dermatophyte infection (on the base of presence of dermatophyte DNA) can be generally detected directly from patient samples (nail, skin or hair), the infection caused by dermatophyte belonging to Microsporum genus and/or Trichopyton genus, and also Trichophyton rubrum, Epidermophyton floccosum, Microsporum canis or Trichophyton mentagrophytes-Trichophyton tonsurans complex infections can be detected.

The described DNA extraction method however, is employed in the process of identification of dermatophyte infection directly from human hair, nail or skin can be used differently. Using the described method the DNA can be extracted from fungi cultured on the plates, slants or any kind of broth. Dermatophyte DNA can also be extracted from hair, skin or nail of naturally or experimentally infected animals.

The DNA extracted by mean of the described method can be applied to any of DNA amplification reaction (polymerase chain reaction—PCR, isothermal nucleic acid sequence based amplification—NASBA, ligase chain reaction—LCR, pyrosequencing) and other sequence replication assays or any combination of them.

The primers described can also be applied in any nucleotide (DNA, RNA) amplification reaction.

The PCR products obtained by application of described primers can be used in pyrosequencing reactions allow for species-specific and/or genus specific detection of any dermatophytes.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1: The results of the specificity test of pan-dermatophyte and Trichophyton rubrum specific oligoncleotides performed on the group of 92 clinical isolates. Twenty-three were diagnosed as a Trichophyton rubrum positive, 26 were positive in direct microscopy, but culture-negative and 43 negative by classical examination. Gr: the result of culture observation; M: the result of microscopy; Tr: result of Trichophyton rubrum specific PCR; Der: result of pandermatophyte PCR; (−)—negative; (+)—positive

FIG. 2: Example of Trichopyton rubrum specific (lane 3) and pan-dermatophyte PCR products (lanes 4-11) analysis. Lanes: 1—molecular weight marker (fragment sizes (bp): 501, 489, 404, 331, 242, 190, 147, 111, 110, . . . ), 2—result of Trichopyton rubrum specific PCR performed for Trichophyton mentagrophytes DNA, 3—result of Trichopyton rubrum specific PCR performed for Trichophyton rubrum DNA (202 bp), lanes 4-11—results of pan-dermatophyte PCR performed for: Microsporum audouinii (lane 4), Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. mentagrophytes (lane 5), Trichophyton schoenleninii (lane 6), Trichophyton terrestre (lane 7), Trichophyton rubrum (lane 8), Trichophyton tonsurans (lane 9), Trichophyton soudanese (lane 10), Epidermophyton floccosum (lane 11).

FIG. 3: Example of Epidermophyton floccosum specific PCR products analysis. (259 bp). Lanes: 1—molecular weight marker (100 bp DNA ladder, fragment sizes (bp): 2000, 1900, 1800, . . . , 100), 2—result for Trichopyton rubrum, 3—result for Trichophyton tonsurans, 4—result for Trichophyton terrestre, 5—result for Trichophyton soudanese, 6—result for Candida albicans, 7—result for Sacharomyces cerevisiae, lanes 8-16—results for Epidermophyton floccosum (different clinical isolates)

FIG. 4: Example of Microsporum canis specific PCR products analysis. (520 bp). Lanes: M—molecular weight marker (100 bp DNA ladder, fragment sizes (bp): 2000, 1900, 1800, . . . , 100), 1—result for Microsporum canis, 2—result for Microsporum nana, 3—result for Microsporum audouinii, 4—result for Microsporum canis, 5—result for Microsporum canis, 6—result for Microsporum gypseum.

FIG. 5: Example of Trichophyton mentagrophytes-Trichophyton tonsurans complex specific PCR products analysis. (129 bp). Lanes: 1—molecular weight marker (511, 400, 350, 180, 111, 100, 80 bp), 2—result for Trichophyton mentagrophytes, 3—result for Trichophyton tonsurans

FIG. 6: Example of multiplex PCR and Trichopyton rubrum specific PCR products analysis. Lanes: 1—molecular weight marker (100 bp DNA ladder, fragment sizes (bp): 2000, 1900, 1800, . . . , 100), 2—result of multiplex PCR (pandermatophytes and Trichopyton rubrum specific PCR) performed for Trichophyton rubrum DNA, 3-4—result of Trichopyton rubrum specific PCR performed for Trichophyton rubrum DNA (202 bp), lanes 5-8—result of multiplex PCR (pandermatophytes and Trichopyton rubrum specific PCR) performed for: human (lane 5), Sacharomyces cerevisiae (lane 6), Candida albicans (lane 7), Trichophyton rubrum (lane 8)

FIG. 7: Example of genus Microsporum specific PCR product analysis (115 bp) Lanes: 1—molecular weight marker (511, 400, 350, 180, 111, 100, 80 bp), 2—results for Microsporum canis, 3—results for Trichopyton rubrum, 4—results for Microsporum gypseum, 5—result for Trichophyton tonsurans 6—result for Microsporum audouinii, 7—result for Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. interdigitale.

FIG. 8: Example of genus Trichophyton specific PCR product analysis (258 bp) Lanes: 1—molecular weight marker (511, 400, 350, 180, 111, 100, 80 bp), 2—result for Microsporum canis, 3—result for Epidermophyton floccosum, 4—result for Trichopyton rubrum, 5—result for Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. interdigitale, 6—result for Trichophyton tonsurans, 7—result for Trichophyton violaceum, 8—result for Trichophyton soudanese, 9—result for Trichophyton schoenleninii, 10—result for Trichophyton terrestre, 11—result for Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. mentagrophytes, 12—molecular weight marker (511, 400, 350, 180, 111, 100, 80 bp)

FIG. 9: Example of Candida albicans AAT1a gene amplification (478 bp)

Upper row: M—molecular weight marker (100 bp DNA ladder, fragment sizes (bp): 2000, 1900, 1800, . . . , 100), 1-6—results for Candida albicans, 7-8—results for Candida krusei, 9—result for Candida albicans, 10—result for Candida crusei, 11—result for Candida albicans, 12-13—results for Candida crusei, 14-15—results for Candida albicans, 16-17—results for Candida krusei, 18—result for Candida albicans, 19—result for Candida krusei

Bottom row: lanes: M—molecular weight marker (100 bp DNA ladder, fragment sizes (bp): 2000, 1900, 1800, . . . , 100), 1—result for Candida glabrata, 2—result for Candida albicans, 3—result for Candida glabrata, 4,5—result for Microsporum canis, 6—result for Candida glabrata, 7—result for Candida albicans, 8—result for Candida glabrata, 9—result for Candida albicans, 10—result for Candida glabrata, 11-12—result for Candida albicans, 13-14—result for Candida glabrata, 15-16—results for Candida krusei, 17—result for Candida albicans, 18—result for Candida krusei, 19—result for Candida albicans

FIG. 10: Example of Candida glabrata TRD1 gene amplification (820 bp). Lanes: M—molecular weight marker (100 bp DNA ladder, fragment sizes (bp): 2000, 1900, 1800, . . . , 100), 1—result for Candida albicans, 2—result for Candida glabrata, 3, 4—result for Candida albicans, 5-10—results for Candida glabrata

FIG. 11: Example of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1440 bp) and Pichia pastoris (2879 bp) genes amplification. Lanes: 1—result for Sacharomyces cerevisiae, 2—molecular weight marker (fragment sizes (bp): 7242, 6369, 4822, 4234, 3675, 2323, 2929, 1371, 1264, 702), 3—negative control for Pichia pastoris primers, 4—result for Pichia pastoris

EXAMPLES Example 1 Primer Designing

The dermatophyte, Trichophyton rubrum, Microsporum canis, Trichophyton mentagrophytes-Trichophyton tonsurans complex or Epidermophyton floccosum specific primers were selected from available DNA sequences listed in Table 1. The alignment of respective sequences allowed the design of primer-pairs detecting all of the dermatophyte species (in case of panDerm1 and panDerm2 oligonucleotides), species belonging to Microsporum genus (in case of Micr773-for and Micr885-rev oligonucleotides), species belonging to Trichophyton genus (in case of Trichopyros-for and Trichopyros-rev oligonucleotides) and for specific detection of Trichophyton rubrum, Microsporum canis, Trichophyton mentagrophytes-Trichophyton tonsurans complex or Epidermophyton floccosum.

TABLE 1 The sequenced used in primers designing. Gene Bank ™ accession number (www.ncbi.nih.gov) Arthoderma benhamiae AB044155 Arthoderma benhamiae AB003558 Arthoderma gypseum AB003568 Arthoderma simii AB003564 Arthoderma vanbreuseghemii AB003565 Arthoderma otae AB003563 Arthoderma incurvatum AB003562 Arthoderma grubyi AB003559 Arthoderma fulvum AB003559 Trichophyton equinum AB032479 Microsporum equinum AB015133 Arthoderma curreyi AB050586 Arthoderma uncinatum AB050580 Trichophyton rubrum AJ270807 Trichophyton rubrum AJ270808 Trichophyton rubrum U18352 Trichophyton rubrum Z97993 Trichophyton raubitschekii AJ270802 Trichophyton raubitschekii AJ270803 Trichophyton raubitschekii AJ270804 Trichophyton raubitschekii AJ270805 Trichophyton rodhaini AJ270806 Arthoderma benhamiae AB048193 Arthoderma benhamiae AB105797 Arthoderma benhamiae AB048192 Trichophyton mentagrophytes Z98000 Trichophyton mentagrophytes Z98001 Trichophyton mentagrophytes Z97999 Trichophyton mentagrophytes Z97998 Trichophyton mentagrophytes Z97997 Trichophyton yaoundei AJ270813 Trichophyton yaoundei AJ270812 Trichophyton equinum Z98009 Trichophyton violaceum AJ270810 Trichophyton violaceum AJ270811 Trichophyton soudanese AJ270809 Trichophyton schoenleinii Z98010 Trichophyton verrucosum Z98002 Trichophyton tonsurans Z98005 Microsporum canis AJ000618 Microsporum audouinii AJ252331 Microsporum equinum AJ252330 Microsporum distortum AJ252329 Epidermophyton floccosum AJ000629

Example 2 Evaluation of the Specificity of Dermatophyte, Genus Trichophyton, Genus Microsporum, Trichophyton rubrum, Epidermophyton floccosum, Microsporum canis and Trichophyton mentagrophytes-Trichophyton tonsurans Complex Specific Primers Materials and Methods

Strains. A list of the type, references and clinical fungal strains used in the study is presented in Table 2 Twelve strains were obtained from the National Collection of Pathogenic Fungi (United Kingdom). Clinical strains were obtained from Mycology Laboratory of Statens Serum Institute (SSI, Denmark). All clinical isolates were identified by colony characteristics and micro-morphology.

TABLE 2 Microorganism used in the study. Number of clinical Microorganism NCPF number isolates Microsporum gypseum NCPF-40 2 Microsporum canis NCPF-177 10 Microsporum nanum — 1 Microsporum audouinii NCPF-436 5 Trichophyton NCPF-224 10 mentagrophytes var. mentagrophytes Trichophyton NCPF-780 mentagrophytes var. interdigitale Trichophyton schoenleninii NCPF-124 — Trichophyton terrestre NCPF-602 8 Trichophyton rubrum NCPF-113 12 Trichophyton tonsurans NCPF-690 8 Trichophyton soudanese NCPF-800 13 Trichophyton violaceum NCPF-794 — Trichophyton verrucosum — 6 Epidermophyton floccosum NCPF-777 14 Scopulariopsis brevicalius — 1 Malassezia furfur — 5 Candida albicans — 3 Candida glabrata — 4 Candida krusei — 2 Aspergillus niger — 2 Alternaria sp. — 1 Acremonium sp. — 1 Sacharomyces cerevisiae — 2

Clinical samples. Ninety-seven nail samples were randomly chosen from clinical samples received at the Laboratory of Mycology at SSI. Twenty-eight were positive by microscopy and culture and were diagnosed as T. rubrum (23 cases), T. mentagrophytes (3 cases), Alternaria sp. (1 case) and Acremonium sp. (1 case) and 26 were microscopy-positive but culture negative, why the samples were regarded as dermatophyte positive but no genus nor species identification could be established by traditional methodology.

DNA preparation from dermatophyte cultures. Strains (Table 1) were cultured in 2 ml of Sabouraud liquid medium with and incubated with shaking for up to 8 days at 27° C. After harvest, pellet was resuspended in 500 ml of lysis buffer (400 mM Tris-HCl [pH 8.0], 60 mM EDTA [pH 8.0], 150 mM NaCl, 1% sodium dodecyl sulphate) and left at room temperature for 10 minutes. 150 μl of potassium acetate [pH 4.8] was added and tubes were vortex-mixed and spun down (1 min, 12000×g). The supernatant was transferred to new tube and the equal volume of isopropyl alcohol was added. DNA pellet was washed in 70% ethanol. Dried DNA pellet was dissolved in 50 μl of TE buffer. 2 μl of the DNA was used in 20-50 μl of PCR mixture.

DNA preparation from nail samples. DNA from nail samples was extracted by the use of Red Extract-N-Amp Plant Kit (SIGMA). Examined nails were placed into a 2 ml Eppendorf tube, 100 μl of extraction buffer was added. After 10 min incubation at 95° C., 100 μl of dilution buffer was added. After vortex-mixing this DNA containing solution was ready for PCR.

Pan-dermatophyte PCR. 12 dermatophyte reference strains, 89 clinical dermatophyte isolates, 22 non-dermatophyte fungal isolates and purified human DNA (Table 2) were tested. PCR mixtures consisted of 10 μl of PCR Ready Mix (SIGMA), 0.2 μM concentration of both primers (panDerm1 and panDerm2) and 4 μl of DNA in a volume of 20 μl. PCR was performed in a MWG-Biotech thermal cycler. The time-temperature profile of PCR was 45 cycles of 30 s at 94° C., 30 s at 55° C., 30 s at 72° C., preceding by initial denaturation 10 min at 95° C. Presence of specific PCR products of approximately 366 bp was examined using electrophoresis on 2% agarose gel and staining with ethidium bromide (exemplary results presented on FIG. 2). The specificity of pan-dermatophyte PCR was confirmed. The specific 366 bp PCR product was detected for the reactions performed only for dermatophytes DNA.

Trichophyton rubrum specific PCR. The species and strains listed in Table 2 were tested. Each reaction was performed by the addition of 4 μl of the DNA from microorganisms listed in Table 2 and 0.2 mM of uni and Trubrum-rev to 10 μl of PCR Ready Mix (SIGMA). The amplification was performed in a thermal cycler (MWG-Biotech) and consisted of one initial cycle of denaturation for 5 min at 94° C. and 45 cycles of 30 s at 94° C., 30 s at 55° C. and 30 s of extension at 72° C. After the thermal cycles, the amplicons were electrophoresed in a 2% agarose gel and stained with ethidium bromide in order to check the presence of approximately 202 bp PCR products. To standardize the procedure, different DNA concentrations and thermal cycles were tested (data not shown). The specificity of Trichophyton rubrum PCR was confirmed. The specific 202 bp PCR product was detected for the reactions performed only for DNA extracted from Trichophyton rubrum strains (exemplary results presented on FIG. 2).

Epidermophyton floccosum specific PCR. The species and strains listed in Table 2 were tested. Each reaction was performed by the addition of 4 μl of the DNA from microorganisms listed above and 0.2 mM of each primer to 10 μl of PCR Ready Mix (SIGMA). The amplification was performed in a thermal cycler (MWG-Biotech) and consisted of one initial cycle of denaturation for 5 min at 94° C. and 45 cycles of 30 s at 94° C., 30 s at 55° C. and 30 s of extension at 72° C. After the thermal cycles, the amplicons were electrophoresed in a 2% agarose gel and stained with ethidium bromide in order to check the presence of approximately 259 bp PCR products (exemplary results presented on FIG. 3). To standardize the procedure, different DNA concentrations and thermal cycles were tested (data not shown). The specificity of Epidermophyton floccosum-PCR was confirmed as only the 14 fungi identified as Epidermophyton floccosum by classical examination were detected by the Epidermophyton floccosum specific PCR with uni and Ef-rev primers while the other dermatophytes, yeasts and moulds tested (table 2) were PCR negative.

Microsporum canis specific PCR The species and strains listed in Table 2 were tested. Each reaction was performed by the addition of 4 μl of the DNA from microorganisms listed above and 0.2 mM of each primer to 10 μl of PCR Ready Mix (SIGMA). The amplification was performed in a thermal cycler (MWG-Biotech) and consisted of one initial cycle of denaturation for 5 min at 94° C. and 45 cycles of 30 s at 94° C., 30 s at 65° C. and 30 s of extension at 72° C. After the thermal cycles, the amplicons were electrophoresed in a 2% agarose gel and stained with ethidium bromide in order to check the presence of approximately 259 bp PCR products (exemplary results presented on FIG. 4). To standardize the procedure, different DNA concentrations and thermal cycles were tested (data not shown). The specificity of Microsporum canis-PCR was confirmed as only the 10 fungi identified as Microsporum canis by classical examination were detected by the Microsporum canis specific PCR with Mc-for and Mc-rev primers while the other dermatophytes, yeasts and moulds tested (table 2) were PCR negative.

Trichophyton mentagrophytes-Trichophyton tonsurans complex specific PCR. The species and strains listed in Table 2 were tested. Each reaction was performed by the addition of 4 μl of the DNA from microorganisms listed above and 0.2 mM of each primer to 10 μl of PCR Ready Mix (SIGMA). The amplification was performed in a thermal cycler (MWG-Biotech) and consisted of one initial cycle of denaturation for 5 min at 94° C. and 45 cycles of 30 s at 94° C., 30 s at 65° C. and 30 s of extension at 72° C. After the thermal cycles, the amplicons were electrophoresed in a 2% agarose gel and stained with ethidium bromide in order to check the presence of approximately 129 bp PCR products (exemglary results presented on FIG. 5). To standardize the procedure, different DNA concentrations and thermal cycles were tested (data not shown). The specificity Trichophyton mentagrophytes-Trichophyton tonsurans complex-PCR was confirmed as only the 18 fungi identified as Trichophyton mentagrophytes or Trichophyton tonsurans by classical examination were detected by the Trichophyton mentagrophytes-Trichophyton tonsurans complex specific PCR with TmTt-for and TmTt-rev primers while the other dermatophytes, yeasts and moulds tested (table 2) were PCR negative.

Multiplex PCR. The multiplex PCR was performed using the two specific sets of primers described above: panDerm1+panDerm2 primers and uni+Trubrum-rev primers. The reaction was performed at various conditions. Different concentration combinations of primers were used: 0.2 mM of each primer or 0.2 mM of primers uni and Trubrum-rev together with 0.4 mM of primers panDerm1 and panDerm2. The following time-thermal profile was chosen: one initial cycle of denaturation for 5 min at 94° C. and 45 cycles of 30 s at 94° C., 30 s at 55° C. and 30 s of extension at 72° C. After the thermal cycles the amplicons were electrophoresed in a 2% agarose gel and stained with ethidium bromide. Specificity of multiplex PCR was tested on DNA from all of the organisms listed in Table 1 and on human DNA (exemplary results are presented in FIG. 6). To further standardize the procedure, different DNA concentrations and thermal cycles were tested (data not shown). The multiplex PCR (and separately pan-dermatophyte PCR and T. rubrum specific) were examined on 92 clinical nail specimens.

Genus Microsporum specific PCR. The species and strains listed in Table 2 were tested. Each reaction was performed by the addition of 4 μl of the DNA from microorganisms listed above and 0.2 mM of each primer to 10 μl of PCR Ready Mix (SIGMA). The amplification was performed in a thermal cycler (MWG-Biotech) and consisted of one initial cycle of denaturation for 5 min at 94° C. and 45 cycles of 30 s at 94° C., 30 s at 65° C. and 30 s of extension at 72° C. After the thermal cycles, the amplicons were electrophoresed in a 2% agarose gel and stained with ethidium bromide in order to check the presence of approximately 115 bp PCR products (exemplary results presented on FIG. 7). To standardize the procedure, different DNA concentrations and thermal cycles were tested (data not shown). The specificity of Microsporum canis-PCR was confirmed as only the 18 fungi identified as Microsporum canis by classical examination were detected by the genus Microsporum specific PCR with Micr773-for and Micr885-rev primers while the other dermatophytes, yeasts and moulds tested (table 2) were PCR negative.

Genus Trichophyton specific PCR. The species and strains listed in Table 2 were tested. Each reaction was performed by the addition of 4 μl of the DNA from microorganisms listed in Table 2 and 0.2 mM of Trichopyros-for and Trichopyros-rev to 10 μl of PCR Ready Mix (SIGMA). The amplification was performed in a thermal cycler (MWG-Biotech) and consisted of one initial cycle of denaturation for 5 min at 94° C. and 45 cycles of 30 s at 94° C., 30 s at 60° C. and 30 s of extension at 72° C. After the thermal cycles, the amplicons were electrophoresed in a 2% agarose gel and stained with ethidium bromide in order to check the presence of approximately 258 bp PCR products. To standardize the procedure, different DNA concentrations and thermal cycles were tested (data not shown). The specificity of Trichophyton rubrum PCR was confirmed. The specific 258 bp PCR product was detected for the reactions performed only for DNA extracted from species belonging to genus Trichophyton (exemplary results presented on FIG. 8).

Results: The results of the pan-dermatophyte PCR, the Trichochyton rubrum specific PCR, Microsporum canis specific PCR, Trichophyton mentagrophytes-Trichophyton tonsurans complex specific PCR, the Epidermophyton floccosum specific PCR, genus Microsporum specific PCR and genus Trichophyton specific PCR are compared to the results obtained by classical diagnostic procedures (microscopy and culture). Exemplary juxtaposition of the results are presented in FIG. 1. In the majority of the cases the classical and PCR results were in agreement. However, in 10/43 microscopy and culture negative samples PCR detected dermatophyte DNA of which 3 were also T. rubrum PCR positive and in 7 of 26 microscopy but culture negative samples no dermatophyte DNA was detected. The discrepancy between the classical and PCR diagnosis in these cases could arise due to:

-   -   the presence of only few (below the detection level by         microscopy) and non-viable dermatophyte cells in the specimen,     -   contamination of the culture by fast-grow species present in the         environment (e.g. Alternaria) (when negative by culture and         positive by microscopy)     -   misdiagnosis of the species (direct microscopy) because of         relatively low sensitivity shows false negative results in up to         15% cases [2].

Example 3 DNA Extraction Method—the Protocol for Invented DNA Extraction Method from Dermatophyte Infected Nails

Sixty-four nail samples were randomly chosen from samples received at the Laboratory of Mycology at SSI for microscopy and culture of dermatophytes and Candida (Table 3). Fourteen were diagnosed as T. rubrum, two as T. mentagrophytes, one as a T. tonsurans, two as Aspergillus sp., two as Candida sp., one as Alternaria sp., three as Acremonium sp. and 39 were found negative.

TABLE 3 Microorganisms used in the study Specimen diagnosed by routine Mycology Lab as Number of clinical isolates Trichophyton rubrum 14 Trichophyton mentagrophytes 2 Aspergillus sp. 2 Candida sp. 2 Acremonium sp. 3 Alternaria 1 Trichophyton tonsurans 1 Negatives (no growth of any fungi) 39

DNA from 64 clinical specimens listed in table 3 were extracted according to the following protocol:

-   -   1. The nails were placed in 2 ml Eppendorf tubes     -   2. 100 μl (can be increased up to 500) lysis buffer L1 (250 mM         KCl, 60 mM NaHCO₃, 50 mM Tris-HCl [pH 9.5]) was added     -   3. The tubes were incubated 10 min in 95° C.     -   4. 100 μl (can be increased up to 500) neutralizing buffer L2         (2% BSA in water) was added (note that the volumes of lysis         buffer L1 and neutralizing buffer L2 have to be equal)     -   5. The tubes were vortex-mixed.

Multiplex PCR. Each reaction was performed by the addition of 4 μl of the DNA from microorganisms listed above and 0.2 mM of each primer (uni, Trubrum-rev, panDerm1 and panDerm2) to 10 μl of PCR Ready Mix (SIGMA) and to 5.2 μl DNase, Rnase free water. The amplification was performed in a thermal cycler (MWG-Biotech) and consisted of one initial cycle of denaturation for 5 min at 94° C. and 45 cycles of 30 s at 94° C., 30 s at 55° C. and 30 s of extension at 72° C. After the thermal cycles, the amplicons were electrophoresed in a 2% agarose gel and stained with ethidium bromide

Results. 36 of 39 culture-negative patient samples examined were negative also by the multiplex PCR described above and in three Trichophyton rubrum DNA were detected. All of the samples diagnosed as Trichophyton rubrum positive by classical examination were also positive according to multiplex PCR. Three of dermatophytes that were non-rubrum Trichophyton species (one Trichophyton tonsurans and two Trichophyton mentagrophytes) by classical evaluation were diagnosed as pan-dermatophyte positive, Trichophyton rubrum negative by multiplex PCR. One of three specimens diagnosed as Acremonium sp. by classical examination was diagnosed as Trichophyton rubrum bp PCR. The discrepancy between the classical and PCR diagnosis could arise due to the reasons listed in the results of Example 2.

Example 4 DNA Extraction Method—Application for DNA from Yeasts Material and Methods.

Strains. Thirty-eight different Candida strains and one Sacharomyces cerevisiae were chosen from the collection of Laboratory of Mycology at SSI. Pichia pastoris strain X-33 was from Invitrogen.

DNA preparation from Candida cultures. DNA from the cultured Candida strains was extracted by the use of Red Extract-N-Amp Plant Kit (SIGMA). The fungal colonies were placed into a 2 ml Eppendorf tube, 100 ml of extraction buffer was added. After 10 min incubation at 95° C., 100 μl of dilution buffer was added. After vortex-mixing this DNA containing solution was ready for PCR.

DNA preparation from Pichia pastoris and Saccharomyces cerevisiae cultures. DNA from one Pichia pastoris and one from Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain were extracted according to the following protocol:

-   -   1. The piece of mycelia was placed in 2 ml Eppendorf tubes     -   2. 100 μl lysis buffer L1 (250 mM KCl, 60 mM NaHCO₃, 50 mM         Tris-HCl [pH 9.5]) was added     -   3. The tubes were incubated 10 min in 95° C.     -   4. 100 μl neutralizing buffer L2 (2% BSA in water) was added     -   5. The tubes were vortex-mixed.

Candida albicans PCR. Thirty-eight strains were tested. Each reaction was performed by the addition of 4 μl of the DNA and 0.2 mM of AAT1a478 for and AAT1a478 rev described elsewhere (17) to 10 μl of PCR Ready Mix (SIGMA). The amplification was performed in a thermal cycler (MWG-Biotech) and consisted of one initial cycle of denaturation for 5 min at 95° C. and 45 cycles of 30 s at 94° C., 30 s at 60° C. and 30 s of extension at 72° C. After the thermal cycles, the amplicons were electrophoresed in a 2% agarose gel and stained with ethidium bromide in order to check the presence of approximately 478 bp PCR products.

Results. Twenty obtained PCR products were sequenced (MWG-Biotech, De) confirming the presence of 20 Candida albicans strains (exemplary results are presented in FIG. 9)

Candida glabrata PCR. Thirty-eight strains were tested. Each reaction was performed by the addition of 4 μl of the DNA and 0.2 mM of TRP1F1 for and TRP1R1rev described elsewhere (18) to 10 μl of PCR Ready Mix (SIGMA). The amplification was performed in a thermal cycler (MWG-Biotech) and consisted of one initial cycle of denaturation for 5 min at 95° C. and 45 cycles of 30 s at 94° C., 30 s at 60° C. and 1.5 min of extension at 72° C. After the thermal cycles, the amplicons were electrophoresed in a 2% agarose gel and stained with ethidium bromide in order to check the presence of approximately 820 bp PCR products.

Results. Seven obtained PCR products were sequenced (MWG-Biotech, De) confirming the presence of 7 Candida glabrata strains (exemplary results are presented in FIG. 10).

Sacharomyces cerevisiae PCR. The reaction was performed by the addition of 4 μl of the DNA and 0.2 mM of ScMTG-for (5′ AGGTCTATTCGTATTGGTATCCAAGC 3′) (SEQ ID NO: 14) and ScMTGrev (5′ CCAGTAAGTTCCTTCATCAGACA 3′) (SEQ ID NO: 15) to 10 μl of PCR Ready Mix (SIGMA). The amplification was performed in a thermal cycler (MWG-Biotech) and consisted of one initial cycle of denaturation for 5 min at 95° C. and 45 cycles of 30 s at 94° C., 30 s at 56° C. and 2 min of extension at 72° C. After the thermal cycles, the amplicons were electrophoresed in a 1% agarose gel and stained with ethidium bromide in order to check the presence of approximately 1440 bp PCR products.

Results The specific PCR product was sequenced and confirmed the amplification of the fragment of maltriose transporter gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (result presented on FIG. 11)

Pichia pastoris PCR. The reaction was performed by the addition of 4 μl of the DNA and 0.2 mM of serc16-for (5′ CGGATCAATTATGGTGACGAGTAGG 3′) (SEQ ID NO: 16) and sec16-rev (5′ AGGAACAGTTTGTGGGTTCAAATCAGG 3′) (SEQ ID NO: 17) to 10 ml of PCR Ready Mix (SIGMA). The amplification was performed in a thermal cycler (MWG-Biotech) and consisted of one initial cycle of denaturation for 5 min at 95° C. and 45 cycles of 30 s at 94° C., 30 s at 50° C. and 30 s of extension at 72° C. After the thermal cycles, the amplicons were electrophoresed in a 1% agarose gel and stained with ethidium bromide in order to check the presence of approximately 2879 bp PCR products. Results: The specific PCR product was sequenced and confirmed the amplification of the fragment of sec16 gene from Pichia pastoris (result presented on FIG. 11).

Example 4 Detection of Amplification Products from Example 2, 3 and 4

The detection of the dermatophyte or Trichophyton rubrum, or Epidermophyton floccosum, or Trichophyton mentagrophytes-Trichophyton tonsurans complex, or Microsporum canis, or Candida albicans, or Candida glabrata specific DNA segments is carried out by ethidium bromide staining of the specific bands in a 2% agarose gel. The exemplary electrophorogram is presented in FIG. 2. The detection of the Pichia pastoris, or Saccharomyces cerevisiae DNA segments is carried out by ethidium bromide staining of the specific bands in a 1% agarose gel. The electrophorogram is presented in FIG. 11.

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1. A method of extracting nucleic acid from fungi comprising the following steps: (a) heating a sample containing the fungi in a lysis buffer to between 80 and 100° C. for 10 minutes; and (b) mixing the solution with a neutralizing buffer; wherein said lysis buffer consists of, in aqueous solution: (i) a reducer selected from the group consisting of sodium carbonate, sodium sulfate, beta-mercaptoethanol, dithiothreitol, sodium sulfide, sodium chloride, sodium chlorite, sodium iodate, and sodium bicarbonate; (ii) a salt selected from the group consisting of potassium chloride and ammonium persulfate; and (iii) a buffering compound selected from the group consisting of CAPSO, TRIS, HEPES, and phosphate buffer; wherein said neutralizing buffer is an aqueous 0.5-3% w/v protein solution; and wherein the cell wall of said fungi is not disrupted prior to step (a).
 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein said fungi is a species belonging to the genera Trycophyton, Epidermophyton, or Microsporum, or a yeast.
 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein said sample is a patient sample.
 4. The method according to claim 3, wherein said patient sample is selected from the group consisting of hair, skin, and nail.
 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein said sample is cultured fungi.
 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein said lysis buffer consists of sodium bicarbonate, potassium chloride, and TRIS.
 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein said sample in step (a) is heated to 95° C. for 10 minutes.
 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the neutralizing buffer is an aqueous 2% w/v protein solution
 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the protein in said neutralizing buffer is BSA or ovalbumin.
 10. A method of detecting fungi infections in patient samples comprising the following steps: (A) extracting nucleic acid from the sample by: (a) heating a sample containing the fungi in a lysis buffer to between 80 and 100° C. for 10 minutes; and (b) mixing the solution with a neutralizing buffer; wherein said lysis buffer consists of, in aqueous solution: (i) a reducer selected from the group consisting of sodium carbonate, sodium sulfate, beta-mercaptoethanol, dithiothreitol, sodium sulfide, sodium chloride, sodium chlorite, sodium iodate, and sodium bicarbonate; (ii) a salt selected from the group consisting of potassium chloride and ammonium persulfate; and (iii) a buffering compound selected from the group consisting of CAPSO, TRIS, HEPES, and phosphate buffer; wherein said neutralizing buffer is an aqueous 0.5-3% w/v protein solution; (B) amplifying the nucleic acid with PCR using fungus-specific primers; and (C) detecting fungus-specific genes.
 11. The method according to claim 10, wherein said fungus-specific primers are selected from the group consisting of panDerm1 (SEQ ID NO: 1), panDerm2 (SEQ ID NO: 2), uni (SEQ ID NO: 3), Trubrum-rev (SEQ ID NO: 4), Ef-rev (SEQ ID NO: 5), Micr773-for (SEQ ID NO: 10), Micr885-rev (SEQ ID NO: 11), Trichopyros-for (SEQ ID NO: 12), and Trichopyros-rev (SEQ ID NO: 13).
 12. A multiplex PCR kit for extracting nucleic acid from fungi and detecting dermatophytes comprising: (a) a lysis buffer consisting of, in aqueous solution: (i) a reducer selected from the group consisting of sodium carbonate, sodium sulfate, beta-mercaptoethanol, dithiothreitol, sodium sulfide, sodium chloride, sodium chlorite, sodium iodate, and sodium bicarbonate; (ii) a salt selected from the group consisting of potassium chloride and ammonium persulfate; and (iii) a buffering compound selected from the group consisting of CAPSO, TRIS, HEPES, and phosphate buffer; (b) a neutralizing buffer, wherein said neutralizing buffer is an aqueous 0.5-3% w/v protein solution; (c) fungus-specific primers selected from the group consisting of panDerm1 (SEQ ID NO: 1), panDerm2 (SEQ ID NO: 2), uni (SEQ ID NO: 3), Trubrum-rev (SEQ ID NO: 4), Ef-rev (SEQ ID NO: 5), Micr773-for (SEQ ID NO: 10), Micr885-rev (SEQ ID NO: 11), Trichopyros-for (SEQ ID NO: 12), and Trichopyros-rev (SEQ ID NO: 13); and (d) agents for performing a PCR reaction. 